Cities of mainland Greece are mostly free from Macedonian rule; ‘Leagues’ are formed for mutual protection; Greek colonies and culture flourish across Alexander’s conquered territory. The Seleucid dynasty rules much of the Near and Middle East until Roman conquest. The Ptolemaic dynasty rules the kingdom of Egypt until the Roman conquest. The kingdom of Pergamum separates from the Seleucid kingdom and rules much of western Asia Minor until bequeathed by Attalus III to Rome. Antigonid dynasty established as ruling family in Macedon. Rome completes the conquest of Magna Graecia. First Macedonian War between Rome and Macedon. Second Macedonian War; Rome defeats Macedon and becomes the main power in mainland Greece. Rome declares Greek independence from Macedon but in reality takes control of Greece. Third Macedonian War; Rome defeats Macedon and dissolves the kingdom. Rome conquers Macedon and razes Corinth to the ground; Greece becomes a Roman protectorate. Rome turns most of mainland Greece into the province of Achaea. Battle of Actium; Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt and takes control of the last independent Hellenistic kingdom. | 
