Pathologized: When a particular group of people is pathologized, it means that they are seen as abnormal or deficient by members of a more powerful or recognized group (Heydon & Iannacci, 2009). For example, children who are learning to speak English may be pathologized as deficient because they perform poorly on standardized tests. However, the design of such tests is typically based on research with white middle-class children.
 
Minoritized: When students are minoritized, the knowledges, experiences, and languages that are used and valued in their own families are marginalized in the school. 

Funds of knowledge: This is a pedagogical approach where teachers spend time with their students and their families in order to identify the resources or funds of knowledge within the family. These funds of knowledge are historically and culturally constructed skills and understandings that are essential to the families’ and household’s wellbeing and functioning. Once the teacher has identified each family’s resources, they are used to inform the curriculum. For children who are not part of the dominant culture, this approach values the diversity of knowledges in their homes and communities.