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By Pamela Balls Organista, Gerardo Marin, and Kevin M. Chun
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
1.5 generation: Individual migrated to the United States as a preadolescent
ableism: The marginalization of differently abled individuals with physical or mental limitations or “disabilities”; assumes that the norm is able-bodiedness
acculturation mismatch/gap: A differential rate or pattern of acculturation within a family or other group; see also dissonant acculturation
acculturation: A dynamic and multidimensional process of change or adaptation that occurs when distinct cultures or individuals come into sustained contact. It involves different degrees and instances of culture learning (change) as well as maintenance that are contingent upon individual, group, and environmental factors. Acculturation is dynamic because it is a continuous and fluctuating process, and it is multidimensional because it involves numerous aspects of psychosocial functioning and can result in multiple adaptation outcomes. Furthermore, acculturation can involve the contact of various cultures at the same time and as such is not limited to the interactions of two cultures or racial or ethnic groups; related to assimilation and incorporation
acculturational/acculturative stress: The challenges and difficulties experienced by acculturating individuals; see also acculturative stress
acculturative strategy: The attitudes or orientation that an individual assumes toward the culture of origin (or “heritage culture”) and toward the other group or groups wherein two dimensions are considered—one reflecting the individual’s positive or negative attitude toward maintenance of the heritage culture and identity and the second (also from a negative to positive continuum) classifying the individual in terms of the preferred level and type of interaction with another group or groups
achieved ethnic identity: An ethnic identity status involving both ethnic identity exploration and commitment
acquiescent response: The tendency to agree with the statements being presented by the researcher or another individual
acute disease: A short-term ailment
ambivalent sexism: Simultaneous hostility toward nontraditional women and benevolence toward women in traditional subordinate roles
American Indian Services Utilization and Psychiatric Epidemiology Risk and Protective Factors Project (AI-SUPERPFP): A rare large-scale survey of 3,084 Southwest and Northern Plains Indians from two tribal groups living near or on home reservations
ancestry: A genealogical relationship traced back to at least one national group; a person’s origin, heritage, or descent that is associated with birthplace of self or ancestors
ancestry: A person’s origin, heritage, or descent that is associated with birthplace of self or ancestors; a person’s origin, heritage, or descent that is associated with birthplace of self or ancestors
assimilation: An acculturation strategy experienced by individuals or groups that are exposed to a new culture; involves loss of heritage culture and movement toward new culture; see acculturation and incorporation
assumption of intragroup homogeneity: The faulty assumption by many researchers that all members of an ethnic or racial group are similar and share a number of characteristics
asylee: An individual who receives temporary, long-term permission to live and work (and sometimes permission to apply for permanent residency and eventual citizenship) in a country due to political or human rights abuses in their country of origin
authoritarian parenting: A parenting style characterized by highly controlling, demanding, and overly strict parenting, where obedience and respect for authority are emphasized and children are held to high standards, are not allowed to negotiate or openly disagree with their parents, and are disciplined punitively if parents perceive any transgressions
authoritative parenting: A parenting style reflecting more of a democratic or reciprocal parent-child relationship, in which parents set high standards and place demands on their children, allow their children to share their opinions and concerns without unduly imposing their parental authority or will, in regard to discipline favor reasoning and explanation for their rules or decisions over physical punishment, and encourage their children to be independent and to reflect on their actions and behaviors
aversive racism: Egalitarian attitudes and behaviors toward racial differences, but person is influenced by unconscious negative attitudes and beliefs
back translation: The approach for translating instruments that involves the use of at least two bilingual translators, wherein translators go back and forth between the original-language document and the translations, modifying each until wording for each language is found that seems equivalent
benevolent sexism: Support for women in traditional roles and rejection of women in nontraditional sex roles
biculturalism: Knowledge about two cultures, adoption of values and beliefs of both cultures, and feeling perfectly comfortable interacting in either culture group
bilingualism: The learning of at least two languages with varying levels of proficiency
biomedical model: A framework for understanding health that maintains all illness can be explained on the basis of unusual physical processes, such as biochemical imbalances or structural abnormalities
biopsychosocial model: A framework for understanding health that maintains both health and illness are caused by an admixture of biological malfunctioning and psychological and social factors
caballerismo: A positive set of Latino masculine attitudes, beliefs, and traits that emphasize being the primary family provider and protector and valuing honor, dignity, respect for others, emotional responsiveness, collaboration, and flexible masculine role behaviors
causal factor: A direct cause of the onset of an illness
chronic disease: A longer-term ailment
class system: A hierarchy based on key social criteria
classism: Attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and institutional practices that justify power differences based on social class with preference being assigned to the upper and middle classes
clinician bias: The failure of a clinician to adhere to the diagnostic criteria during psychiatric evaluations
cohesive-authoritative parenting: An African American parenting style in which parents express concern and warmth toward their children, engage them in intellectual activities, a structured and supportive family environment, emphasize the personal growth and independence of their children, encourage their children to express themselves openly, value achievement and high standards without being overly rigid or controlling, tend to avoid punitive disciplinary measures, and create an environment for proactive racial socialization and low defensive racial socialization; see also proactive racial socialization and defensive racial socialization
Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES): A collection of three national epidemiological studies of psychiatric disorders, comprised of the National Comorbidity Study Replication, the National Latino and Asian American Study, and the National Survey of American Life; see also National Comorbidity Study Replication, National Latino and Asian American Study, and National Survey of American Life
collectivistic culture: A culture focused on the community as a whole
colonizing perspective: A worldview assuming that the majority culture is the baseline against which other cultures are compared
community-based participatory research (CBPR: ): A type of research in which scientists work in collaboration with community partners to promote the health and well-being of a community
comorbid/co-occurring disorders: The simultaneous suffering from more than one disorder
complementary health approach (CHA): A form of health interventions considered to be outside the mainstream of conventional Western medicine
conceptual equivalence: How appropriately an instrument reflects a concept as defined within the culture of a group; see also construct validity
conflict-authoritarian parenting: An African American parenting style in which parents show little concern and warmth toward their children, are overly strict and controlling toward their children, disallow their children from expressing their feelings or questioning family rules, emphasize achievement not necessarily focused on intellectual activities, resulting in children who may feel conflicted about meeting parental demands because their family environments and activities tend to be unstructured and their parents can be neglectful, high levels of family conflict, distressed family relationships, and moderate levels of racial socialization
considered blessed with both male and female spirits
construct validity: How appropriately an instrument reflects a concept as defined within the culture of a group; see also conceptual equivalence
construct: A term frequently used in the field of psychology and refers to a concept or idea based on theory and/or empirical observation
contact hypothesis: The suggestion that prejudicial attitudes and emotions can be changed by bringing together diverse peoples into a specific setting
contextualization: Understanding how social and cultural contexts shape human behavior
controlling images: Stereotyped and negative racial and gender images intended to subordinate minority groups and justify and affirm dominant group power and norms
cost/benefit balance: The costs incurred by the participants and the risks associated with participation in a study in comparison to the benefits that they or the community will receive; see also risk/benefit balance
cross-cultural psychology: The area of psychological study that emphasizes differences in cultural influences across nations or regions of the world
cultural assimilation: the acculturation process of individuals and groups; see also cultural integration
cultural bias: Actual ethnic or racial differences in the expression of symptoms being unnoticed or misconstrued by diagnosticians
cultural dimensions: A broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others
cultural humility: Recognizing the limits of one’s competence and obtaining the appropriate training, study, consultation, and supervision needed to enrich knowledge, skills, and sensitivity to cultural issues
cultural idioms of distress: Expressions of distress that reflect a culture’s way of experiencing and talking about psychosocial concerns or problems
cultural integration: The acculturation process of individuals and groups; see also cultural assimilation
cultural socialization: The process of learning about one’s cultural heritage and practices; underlies ethnic identity formation
culturally appropriate research: Research that develops and tests theories and hypotheses that are sensitive to and respectful of cultural variations and that appropriately reflect the role of culture, race, and ethnicity in shaping behavior; that uses research methods that are appropriate, familiar, and relevant to the question being researched as well as to the members of the racial or ethnic group being studied; that implies that the analysis and interpretation of data and other results of a research project must take into consideration not only the culture that characterizes participants but also other relevant variables, such as their gender, socioeconomic conditions, educational level, and migration history; and that involves strict adherence to principles of ethical and responsible behavior in all aspects of the research project
culturally competent health care: Health care that acknowledges and incorporates—at all levels—the importance of culture, assessment of cross-cultural relations, vigilance toward the dynamics that result from cultural differences, expansion of cultural knowledge, and adaptation of services to meet culturally unique needs; also known as culturally sensitive health care, culturally appropriate health care, culturally responsive health care, and culturally aware health care
culturally competent individual: Someone who understands and appreciates cultural diversity in others; interacts effectively and meaningfully with individuals who differ on culture, race, ethnicity, gender, social class, sexuality, and so on; and advocates for a society that values and respects diversity.”
culture: A set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms that are shared within a group and transmitted across generations
culture: Those attitudes, norms, beliefs, values, and behaviors shaped by an individual’s ethnicity and race or national origin and also developed and shaped by an individual’s gender, physical and mental abilities, sexuality, social class, and other similar characteristics
culture-related syndromes: Recurrent patterns of unusual behavior or symptoms and distressing experiences typically exhibited in certain areas of the world
defensive-neglectful parenting: An African American parenting style showing the greatest risk for poor family functioning, reflected by high family conflict and chaotic family relationships, where parents exhibit neglectful parenting, show little concern and emotional affection toward their children, place little importance on their child’s personal growth and academic achievement, can be highly critical of their children, use punitive discipline methods and have rigid and hierarchical family structures, and provide high levels of defensive racial socialization and low levels of empowering racial socialization
deficit model: Any psychological model that assumes any behavior differing from what is found among Whites can be explained by invoking social, cultural, intellectual, or psychological limitations on the part of the members of the ethnic or racial group
disaggregation: The examination of intragroup variability
discrimination: The actions carried out or planned that negatively affect members of a group that is the object of prejudice
dissonant acculturation: A differential pattern of acculturation; see also acculturation mismatch and acculturation gap
distributive-system model A multidimensional model based on parallel class systems where each system represents a social dimension such as political force, wealth and property acquisition, and occupation
dominant group: Members of society who are advantaged socially, politically, and economically; unrelated to a group’s population size
double minority status: Belonging to intersecting racial/ethnic and sexual minority groups
double translation: See back translation
dual diagnosis: A commonly used term describing a person who has a mental disorder and a substance-related disorder; see also mentally ill and chemical abuser (MICA)
dual focus translation: A process of research instrument development in which bilingual and bicultural research teams work together to develop the instruments to be used; the team works to guarantee equivalency in emotional meaning, familiarity, and ease of comprehension of all words in each language version
dynamic sizing: A component of competent care in which providers properly discern when to generalize regarding certain groups and when to individualize their knowledge
ecological model: A framework for understanding health reflects the interactions or transactions between individuals and their physical and sociocultural environments
ecological perspective: The view that a family’s well-being and development are shaped by different multiple ecologies; see also ecologies
ecological validity: The determination that the testing environment did not determine or affect the results and that the methods and procedures approximate as much as possible the real world
ecologies: social contexts and relationships that are part of one’s daily life
emic construct: A group-specific concept
enculturation: The process whereby individuals endeavor to learn or affirm their ancestral culture of origin
environmental injustice: Racial discrimination in environmental policymaking; see also environmental racism
environmental racism: Racial discrimination in environmental policymaking; see also environmental injustice
Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study: A national epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders
epidemiology: A special branch of biomedical research devoted to the study of the occurrence of disorders in populations or in special groups and the risk factors associated with these disorders
ethnic identity: An individual’s subjective sense of membership and belonging to an ethnic group, which includes their attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, feelings, and behaviors associated with that particular ethnic group
ethnic stereotypes: The characteristics that are perceived as common among members of specific ethnic or racial groups; see also racial stereotypes
ethnicity: A social group’s distinct sense of belongingness as a result of common culture and descent
ethnocentrism: The bias of viewing one’s own ethnic group as superior to others
ethnogenesis: A segmented assimilation wherein culture contact can be expected to produce a mixed set of values and behaviors that characterize the specific ethnic or racial group and that are somewhat different from those of the original or ancestral culture or of those of the dominant group
etic construct: A universal concept
evidence-based intervention: An intervention based on the results of scientific research
evidence-based treatment: Care that adheres to guidelines that have been tested through rigorous empirical investigation
external validity: The generalizability of a measure or of certain research findings; also known as generalizability
facial diversity: The simple counting of racially, ethnically, or culturally diverse individuals or, especially, using variations in people’s physical characteristics such as skin color, eye shape, national origin, or hair texture as proof of the existence of multiculturalism
familism or familismo: A Latino cultural value; the quality of being strongly grounded in one’s family, valuing family closeness and cohesion, emphasizing family responsibilities over individual needs or goals, preferring to live near family, and relying on them for emotional and instrumental support
family agency: A family’s capacity to actively promote and safeguard its own welfare and development
family stress model: The assumption that family environment mediates or is related to the relationship between external stressors and youth adjustment
field experiment: An experiment occurring in real-world settings
filial piety: An Asian American cultural value; the respect a child has for the needs and concerns of the family over their own
first generation Individual has immigrated to the United States and expects to remain in the country permanently or for a very long time
fourth generation Individual born in the United States with no grandparent being an immigrant
gaman: A cultural trait valued in Japanese culture that ascribes character and strength to those who endure and withstand hardship without complaint
gender identity: An individual’s fundamental sense of being male or female, shaped by gender typing, yet sometimes independent of social and cultural norms and rules for gender
gender roles: The expected responsibilities and abilities of men and women
gender typing: The process by which an individual learns the behaviors, interests, and abilities associated with being masculine or feminine in a given culture
gender: The socially and psychologically defined and acquired characteristics that distinguish being male from being female
gendered racial socialization: A socialization process in which families teach an individual about their race and gender in a society that devalues both social identities
gendered racism: The multiplicative impact racism and sexism can have on the lives of men and women of color
generation 2.5: An individual born in the United States with one parent being born in the United States and the other being a first generation; also known as 2.5 generation; see also mixed second generation
generation: The place of birth and familial history of an individual as they relate to migration
globalization: A phenomenon promoting some types of acculturation around the world by facilitating personal mobility across borders and the sharing of cultures and values through music, electronic and print media, and education
health disparity: The difference in the overall rate of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality, or survival rates in the population as compared to the health status of the general population
health equity: Attainment of the highest level of health for all people, which requires valuing everyone equally, with focused and ongoing societal efforts to address avoidable inequalities and historical and contemporary injustices, and the elimination of health care disparities
health literacy: An individual’s ability to obtain, process, and understand information about health and available services
heterosexism: Beliefs that promote the idea that heterosexuality is the norm in gender identity and sexual attraction
high private regard: Positive feelings about one’s racial group
homonegativity: Negative attitudes and beliefs about homosexuality
horizontal collectivism: A cultural orientation that favors commonality among individuals and interdependence but not with the control of authoritarian force
horizontal individualism: A cultural orientation that values the individual but not necessarily a societal hierarchical structure
hostile sexism: Rejection of women in agentic roles
identity diffusion: The ethnic-identity status characterized by the absence of ethnic-identity exploration and commitment
identity foreclosure: The ethnic-identity status involving commitment to an ethnic identity without exploration
immigrant health paradox: The finding that recent immigrants tend to show better health status when compared with second-generation individuals or even members of the host culture
implicit attitudes: Affective reactions and associations held by individuals toward other people or toward behaviors that are subtle and not easily verbalized and therefore difficult to measure by surveys or attitude scales
incidence: The number of new cases of a problem or disorder occurring over a specific time period
incorporation: A culture-learning process experienced by individuals or groups that are exposed to a new culture; see also acculturation and assimilation
independent construal of the self: An understanding of oneself in which individuality and one’s unique thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are distinguished from those of others
individualistic culture: A culture focused on individual autonomy
individuation: Separation
informed consent: The proper informing of a research participant as to the purpose of the study, its procedures, its potential benefits, and its risks; the voluntary nature of their participation; and their ability to ask questions of the researchers
in-group: A group that maintains respect, esteem, and loyalty and, consequently, is perceived as being more desirable
interculturalism: A term sometimes offered primarily by non–U.S. scholars to replace the sometimes-maligned term multiculturalism; see multiculturalism and transnationalism
interdependent construal of the self: An understanding of oneself in which one tends to value interpersonal relationships and see others as integral to one’s self-conceptualization
intergroup contact: Putting diverse people together in a group with the aim of breaking down prejudicial attitudes or discriminatory behavior
intergroup racism: Racism occurring across ethnic or racial groups
intersecting identities: Multiple and closely linked identities that interact in meaningful ways, contributing to unique life experiences
intersectionality: The exploration of differences primarily due to people’s race, ethnicity, and culture as they interact with such other characteristics as their gender, social class, and sexuality, including the analysis of multiple factors interacting with each other to provide not only a more complete and nuanced understanding of human behavior but also a better basis for developing personal and societal interventions to produce change; also called intersectional inquiry
intragroup racism : Racism occurring within a given group
involuntary migrant: An individuals who has been enslaved or colonized and may have experienced difficulties assimilating or one who was forced to leave their country of origin because of political conditions
just-world hypothesis: Our need to believe that the world is a just place in which good people are rewarded for their positive deeds and bad people are punished for their wicked ways
label of convenience: A cultural label allowing researchers, politicians, care providers, educators, researchers, and others to identify individuals sharing some general characteristics, where the labels neither necessarily reflect intragroup homogeneity or complete similarity nor necessarily imply common psychological characteristics
lifetime prevalence: The total number or percentage of individuals in a population who have experienced a particular disorder at some point in their life
loss of face: In Asian American or Asian cultures; perceived threat to a person’s social integrity, tied to one’s ability to meet the role responsibilities and expectations of a valued social group
machismo: A broad set of stereotyped hypermasculine Latino traits that include male dominance, aggression, fearlessness, bravery, authoritarianism, promiscuous behavior, virility, excessive alcohol use, stoicism, reserved or restricted emotions and aloofness, sexism, oppressive and controlling behaviors toward women and children, autonomy, strength, bravado, responsibility, honor, respect, and being a good provider and protector of women, children, and less-fortunate members of society
marianismo: Abroad set of stereotyped feminine traits that idealize the moral virtues and personal character of Latinas, often used to elevate Latinas’ gender identity by casting them as being morally and spiritually superior to Latino men, possessing an innate ability to endure hardship and suffering, and being self-sacrificing, humble, modest, reserved, giving, and generous
mentally ill and chemical abuser (MICA): A commonly used term describing a person who has a mental disorder and a substance-related disorder; see also dual diagnosis
meritocracy: A class structure in which those who receive the rewards have done so based solely on the strength of their own efforts
mind-body dualism : The belief that the mind is a distinct entity from the physical world, including the body
minority stress theory: The theory that intersecting stressors from multiple-minority social positions increase the risk for psychological and health problems
minority: A member of a group that has limited power and access to society’s wealth and resources, resulting from discrimination and subjugation by the dominant society
mixed second generation: See generation 2.5
model minority A historical stereotype of a particular racial group (e.g., Asian Americans) as being uniformly financially and academically successful and well adjusted.
moratorium: The ethnic-identity status involving ethnic-identity exploration without commitment
morbidity: The proportion of illness or specific disease in a population
mortality: The frequency of death or death rate in a population
multicultural psychology: The study of human behavior as influenced (1) by a person’s cultures interacting with variables as diverse as race, ethnicity, gender, social class, and sexuality and (2) by the person’s involvement with other individuals who share or differ in terms of their cultures as influenced in turn by such characteristics as race, ethnicity, gender, and social class
multiculturalism: A sociopolitical characteristic that defines communities as well as nations and is more complex and nuanced than concepts such as diversity or pluralism
multidimensional construct: A theoretical entity consisting of many different elements or components
mutuality in acculturation: A phenomenon in plural societies where host and immigrant groups change as a reciprocal function of their interactions and exposure to their cultures
National Comorbidity Study Replication (NCS-R): A national epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders designed to replicate the earlier NCS
National Comorbidity Survey (NCS): A national epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders
National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS): A survey of mental health among diverse racial and ethnic groups with a nationally representative sample of Latinos and Asian Americans
National Survey of American Life (NSAL): A national survey of household residents in the Black population that includes African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans
nationality: A person’s country of birth or descent
objective social status: An individual’s income, educational level, and occupation
otherness status: A form of social marginalization and social isolation experienced by biracial or multiracial persons; includes societal pressures to “fit” into specific racial categorizations
out-group homogeneity effect: The overgeneralization of beliefs about people
out-group: A group that is subjected to disapproval, contempt, and competition and, consequently, is less desirable
patrilineal: Based on Confucian principles; an Asian or Asian American family structure that grants greater authority, privileges, and status to older males in the family
permanent migrant: An individual who entered the country with an immigrant visa that allows them to live and work permanently in the United States and eventually become a citizen; sometimes known as legal immigrant
permissive parenting: A parenting style in which parents do not place high standards on their children, exercise little parental control, can be neglectful of their parental responsibilities, tend to believe that children should be allowed to follow their own impulses and desires without parental monitoring or interference, and, thus, are less concerned with child discipline than are authoritarian and authoritative parents and may consult with their children on family policies or decisions
place-based intervention: An approach for improving health in a geographic location that aligns the community members, businesses, institutions, and other relevant stakeholders in a collaborative and participatory process
prejudice: A negative attitude toward members of a particular group based on the stereotypes held by the perceiver
prevalence: The total number of cases of a problem or disorder occurring in a population of a group at a given time
privilege: A preferential standing in the world not due to effort or performance
psychiatric epidemiology: A specialized area within epidemiology designed to examine patterns of mental illness and characteristics that may place particular groups of people at risk
psychiatric epidemiology: A subspecialty within epidemiology focusing on the study of the occurrence of psychiatric disorders and their associated risk factors in populations and in special groups
race: A socially constructed concept used to categorize groups or individuals based on prevailing social and political attitudes; often used to express ambiguous physical distinctions, promote dominance of certain privileged groups, and oppress groups that are deemed inferior
racial identity schemas: A set of race-related beliefs and emotional responses formed during racial socialization, influencing how race-related information is interpreted and internalized as part of an overall individual identity
racial identity: Identification with a socially defined racial category or phenotype that is influenced by racial stratification and historical oppression of racial minorities
racial microaggressions: Brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults to the target person or group
racial socialization: The process of learning about and ascribing meaning and value to socially constructed racial hierarchies and categories
racial stereotypes: The characteristics that are perceived as common among members of specific ethnic or racial groups; see also ethnic stereotypes
racial tracking: Tendency to place certain ethnic minority students into remedial or regular courses rather than honors or advanced courses regardless of the students’ academic abilities and potential
racism: Beliefs, attitudes, institutional arrangements, and acts that tend to denigrate individuals or groups because of phenotypic characteristics or ethnic group affiliation
refugee: An individual who receives temporary, long-term permission to live and work in the United States (and sometimes permission to apply for permanent residency and eventual citizenship) due to political or human-rights abuses in their country of origin; see also asylee
relative functionalism: A hypothesis for Asian American educational achievement; states that, as Asian Americans have been barred from certain occupations and career paths that do not require a formal education, due to institutional racism and discrimination, Asian American students who equate studying with social and economic upward mobility are more likely to focus on their studies and academic achievement
reliability: The quality of producing the same or extremely similar results at every use
remote acculturation: Acculturating to a remote culture to which an individual has not been directly exposed and/or that is not their ancestral culture
remote enculturation: The learning of one’s heritage from a remote location or through short-term exposure and not by direct, long-term personal exposure to the heritage community, its culture, and its manifestations
responsible, culturally appropriate research: Research that is responsible, sensitive, and responsive to the characteristics of the groups being studied
risk factor: A characteristic or behavior appearing in individuals who have a disorder
risk/benefit balance: The costs incurred by the participants and the risks associated with participation in a study in comparison to the benefits that they or the community will receive; see also cost/benefit balance
scientific-mindedness: A clinician’s ability to formulate hypotheses rather than hasty conclusions about the nature of the client and their problems
second generation: An individual born in the United States of parents who were both first generation
segmented assimilation: A process of assimilation into a particular social segment
selective migration hypothesis: The assumption that among voluntary immigrants the strongest, the most creative and healthiest, the risk-takers, or the youngest tend to choose to migrate
sexual identity formation: A part of the coming-out process involving becoming aware of one’s sexual preferences and initial exploration of lesbian, gay, or bisexual identities
sexual identity integration: Accepting one’s sexual identities, overcoming internalized homophobia by adopting positive attitudes about one’s sexuality, experiencing greater comfort in disclosing one’s sexual identity to others, and engaging more with LBG communities
sexual identity: An individual’s identity based on a broad range of sexual, emotional, and erotic attractions; see also sexual orientation
social capital: Social support and resources deriving from one’s social relationships and from connections within one’s family and community
social construction: A construct whose definitions and categorizations are based on prevailing sociopolitical attitudes and historical forces in society rather than biological or genetic factors
social determinants of health: Those conditions in which individuals are born, grow, live, work, and age
social distance: The type of interpersonal contact or social interaction an individual feels comfortable engaging in across racial or ethnic groups
social norms: Explicit and implicit rules regarding the formation and engagement of social relationships and behaviors
social stratification: A society’s system for distributing resources and rewards among various groups
social stress hypothesis: The suggestion that the members of second- and higher-generation groups exhibit poorer mental and physical health not because they are less strong or less able to withstand acculturative stress but because they bear the brunt of societal discrimination and prejudice
socioeconomic status (SES): The social-economic or class standing of an individual or group often gauged by level of economic, educational, and occupational achievement
sojourner: An individual temporarily in the country as tourists or foreign students
standardized instrument: A research instrument that has undergone lengthy psychometric analysis
status inconsistency: A risk factor for intimate partner violence; loss of socioeconomic status and occupational prestige among immigrant or refugee men following relocation to another country
stereotype content: The specific stereotypes assigned to a given group
stereotype threat: The diminished performance among members of a given group consistent with negative stereotypes of that group, as a direct result of those stereotypes having been made apparent, even subtly
structural assimilation: The incorporation of members of ethnic or racial groups into primary relationships with individuals from the dominant or majority group in contexts as varied as social clubs and marriage
subjective social status: An individual’s self-perceived social position in society
symbolic racism: Negative perceptions of certain groups that are perceived as having violated central values of a society
temporary migrant: An individual who receives a permit to live and work in the United States for limited periods of time, such as an au pair or farm laborer with an H-2 visa, or a skilled worker, such as a software engineer who receives an H-1B visa
third generation Individual and parents born in the United States with at least one grandparent being first generation
Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act: The US legal provision that service providers receiving federal financial assistance are required to ensure the availability of appropriate and meaningful access to services even if patients have limited proficiency in English
transferability: The process of demonstrating the generalizability or external validity of research findings
triangulation: Using a multimethod approach where a variety of research methods are used and the results are compared across methods in order to obtain a better approximation to the reality being studied
two-spirited individual: A person in American Indian or Native Alaska culture who is considered blessed with both a male and female spirit
type 1 diabetes: A type of diabetes typically associated with biological, genetic, or environmental factors in its development; also referred to as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
type 2 diabetes: A type of diabetes typically associated with patients who are of older age, obese, have inactive lifestyles, have family histories of diabetes, or have histories of gestational diabetes; also known as adult-onset diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
unauthorized migrant: An individual who has entered or remained in the country without proper documentation or who has overstayed a time-limited permit; sometimes known pejoratively as an illegal immigrant; see also undocumented migrant
undocumented migrant: An individuals who has entered or remained in the country without proper documentation or who has overstayed a time-limited permit; sometimes known pejoratively as an illegal immigrant; see also unauthorized migrants
unidirectional model of acculturation: An understanding of acculturation in which culture change is thought to occur in one direction, wherein people move away from their culture of origin and toward the dominant group during resettlement in a new country and/or upon exposure to a new culture
validity The quality of properly and accurately measuring the variable or variables being investigated.
vertical collectivism: A cultural orientation that values interdependence and deference to the common needs of the community but also supports deference or submission to a higher authority
vertical individualism: A cultural orientation that values the individual but also societal competitiveness that leads to upward mobility
voluntary immigrant: An individual who chooses to migrate searching for economic and educational improvements
Whiteness a racial construct that has historically conferred privilege; belonging to a group whose skin color is light, or “white,” and sharing experiences and attitudes that differ from others whose skin color is darker
within-group differences: The differences among the members of a given ethnic or racial group that are the product of variations in age, gender, national origin, socioeconomic status or social class, educational level, employment, and many other characteristics that affect people’s behavior; see also within-group variability
within-group variability: The differences among the members of a given ethnic or racial group that are the product of variations in age, gender, national origin, socioeconomic status or social class, educational level, employment, and many other characteristics that affect people’s behavior; see also within-group differences
working poor: Those working at minimum wage or slightly below and whose employer does not provide medical coverage
xenophobia: An irrational fear of foreigners, resulting in stress and discomfort
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