133                   Tiberius Gracchus proposes land reform; murdered by senators

123                   Gaius Gracchus proposes a wider range of reforms

121                   Gaius Gracchus commits suicide; 3000 of his supporters murdered

112-106            War against Jugurtha

107                  Marius’ first consulship

105                  Battle of Arausio – Cimbri and Teutones defeat Roman forces in Gaul

101                   Marius finally defeats the Cimbri and Teutones

91-89               Social War between Rome and its Italian allies

88                    Sulla marches on Rome, and then heads east to face Mithridates

87                    Marius marches on Rome and seizes power

86                    Death of Marius

83-82              Sulla returns from the east and marches on Rome

81                    Dictatorship of Sulla; Sullan reforms of the Roman constitution

73-71               Slave revolt led by Spartacus

70                   Joint consulship of Pompey and Crassus

67                   Pompey granted imperium against the pirates

66                   Pompey granted imperium against Mithridates

63                   Catilinarian conspiracy; consulship of Cicero; Caesar becomes Pontifex Maximus

62                   Pompey returns from the East following his eastern settlement

60                   Formation of the so-called First Triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus and Caesar

59                   Caesar’s consulship

58                   Caesar departs for Gaul

55                   Renewal of the Triumvirate; second joint consulship of Pompey and Crassus

53                   Continued riots in Rome; no consul elected; death of Crassus at Carrhae

52                   Clodius killed by Milo; Pompey appointed sole consul